International Nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Global Nutrition - Essay Example There are various components that lead to either a high or low section of worldwide organizations in a nation. Initial, an overwhelming duty framework that is exceptionally directed is one of these components. While numerous individuals believe that exacting assessment laws require a survey to take into consideration remote financial specialists, others contend that they are sufficient to provide food for the necessities of the residents of the state just as ensure the nearby organizations. Actually, be that as it may, false. Due to severe laws in numerous nations, numerous organizations think that its hard to fire up business in these nations. Be that as it may, the market is available to permit rivalry to occur. Exchanging a free and reasonable market, International Nutrition Company appreciates the laws of rivalry. Its items perform well in such districts because of their high caliber. In spite of the fact that estimated higher than a portion of the nearby products, the market sti ll exceptionally respects quality feeds from International Nutrition. The decrease in the degree of market guidelines and universal levies by nations is an aftereffect of globalization. This has likewise added to the diminishing in the degree of market control. As nations increment the degree of working with each other, the outcome is open markets allowed to contend with each other. For sound rivalry to happen, numerous legislatures permit their business sectors to work uninhibitedly, offering organizations opportunity of passage into and exit from the nation. This permits both nearby and global financial specialists to fight out in the market field with the items or administrations being the highest point of their needs. In many nations in the African landmass, guideline happens at one level, i.e., the national government. Africa gives various quickly developing markets for any organization to put resources into, and particularly farming organizations, for example, International Nu trition. In Africa, developing markets, for example, Sub-Saharan Africa offer an extraordinary open door for the organization to abuse. Nations, for example, Zimbabwe, Congo, Rwanda, Uganda and Kenya go about as a speculation predetermination in Sub-Saharan Africa. In West Africa, nations, for example, Ghana and Nigeria are a case of the business sectors where the organization has business and records expanded development. Nigeria depends generally on its oil, while Ghana profoundly depends on agribusiness. Progressively however, the Nigerian government has empowered

Organizational Risks & Mitigation Methods Essay

According to our conversation a week ago I’ve arranged this notice traces the dangers that CWTI appearances and strategies for moderation for those dangers. The objective of this activity is to have a beginning stage for setting up a hazard the executives procedure inside CWTI. Beneath I’ve recognized dangers and gave proposed strategies for relief to each. I’d like to call attention to that while the greater part of these dangers have more than one potential alleviation strategy, I decided to introduce the technique I accept would be best for CWTI. 1.)Risk of vacillation in outside trade rates â€USD receivables Relieve utilizing control technique ie. forward agreements, supporting and so forth. 2.)Risk of vacillation in financing costs †USD credit Relieve utilizing control technique ie. forward agreements, supporting and so forth. 3.)Risk of flexibly lack/delay because of truck breakdowns Alleviate utilizing broadening ie. Have elective choices of transportation promptly accessible 4.)Risk of losing significant client Alleviate utilizing broadening ie. Attempt to increase different clients needing timber 5.)Risk of losing timber licenses Moderate utilizing control strategy ie. Build up solid inward controls with respect to the necessity to clear and replant and guarantee to gauge controls. 6.)Risk of resistance with national stock trade necessities Mitigate utilizing control procedure ie. Build up solid inward controls with respect to consistence necessities for stock trade. 7.)Risk of stock shrinkage because of burglary, harm Relieve utilizing sharing/moving procedure ie. Buy protection for development of stock 8.)Risk of flexibly delay if sawmill hardware goes down, staff turnover/absence of talented staff Mitigate utilizing enhancement procedure ie. Have elective alternatives of creation in the occasion both of these happen 9.)Risk of deferral/harm/lost shipment to abroad market Relieve utilizing sharing/moving procedure ie. Buy extra protection that would cover this 10.) Risk of timber showcase/flexibly †imagine a scenario in which something happens to woodland. Fire, bug pervasion Mitigate utilizing enhancement ie. Find different supplies of timber 11.) Risk of notoriety †natural gatherings if CWTI doesn’t satisfy the clearing/replanting prerequisite Mitigate utilizing control ie. Build up solid inner controls to guarantee all clearing/replanting necessities are being satisfied. 12.) Risk of not meeting money related commitments because of deferred/inconsistent receivables †CWTI works all year yet greater part of installment just gets got around December and January (in light of 60/multi day terms) Mitigate utilizing broadening ie. Discover all the more new clients that require timber during the time to adjust the income. We can additionally talk about other moderation strategies should you please. I anticipate your input.

Writing a Definition of Dissertation

Writing a Definition of DissertationMany students find it difficult to understand how to define a dissertation. This section is required for your graduate degree, but some students feel that they are not well prepared to write the chapter of this article. That is certainly not true!As a matter of fact, the writing of the dissertation chapter is much more than merely writing about what you have learned during your graduate studies. The dissertation is a reflection of you as a scholar and your personal opinions on the topic under study. This is what makes the dissertation such a unique and difficult document to write. However, if you are really passionate about the topic, then you will be happy to learn how to define a dissertation.In order to better understand how to define a dissertation, we must first consider the difference between a thesis and a dissertation. A thesis is a written examination of a given topic, while a dissertation is a body of scholarly literature that is organize d in a manner to give an objective view of the issue at hand. While you can be a graduate student without having ever written a thesis, most students enjoy the discipline and enjoy writing them, which is why the dissertation is usually only required for master's degrees.When you finally finish writing your long dissertation, you will find yourself embarrassed by the amount of time you spent studying, and by the many ideas that popped into your head throughout the process. You will want to avoid that embarrassment, so be sure to spend a significant amount of time researching the topic.To do this, begin by doing your own research. Find any information that can be used to support the argument you are making, such as books, magazines, and even newspapers. Once you have a good idea of the points you wish to make, then proceed to a search engine and type in the topic of your dissertation. This will bring up any recent articles or books on the topic, allowing you to check your sources and ensure your opinion is as well founded as possible. Take the information from your own research and compile them into an outline. Next, write a table of contents, with an index, which will help you find your way through the dissertation. Additionally, make sure you include a bibliography at the end of the document.The last thing you need to focus on is organization. Make sure you are able to insert all of the necessary information into your chapter heading, as well as any other necessary sections. Doing this will help your audience remember what your main point is, as well as help you avoid the problems that occur when the information is scattered throughout the dissertation.Hopefully, these tips have helped you better understand how to write an essay. Your dissertation is an important document and requires more than just words to make it work. Follow these guidelines and your dissertation will be a success.

`` Pax Romana `` A Time Of The Great Civilizations Of Our...

Rome was one of the great civilizations of our past. It experienced much time in â€Å"Pax Romana† a time which it was at complete peace internally and among the surrounding empires. Through the ages the people of Rome remained connected with their roots. Patriotism remained a huge virtue among the people of Rome, they remained very connected to their government. Family life continued to remain important to the people of Rome and it was encouraged that parents have many kids. When the Roman government was at peace the people were in love with their government. To quote Aelius Aristides in his writings on â€Å"The Blessing of Pax Romana† he says: â€Å"Let us pray that all the gods and their children grant that this empire and this city flourish forever and never cease until stones float on water and trees cease to put forth shoots in spring, and that the Great Governor [the emperor] and his sons be preserved and obtain blessings for all. Yet at the same time as all this the Roman Empire was at a time of spiritual bankruptcy. The Martyrdom of the Christians were treated as a game for the people. The people were thrown into arenas to be killed for wild beasts while people watch and cheered. The people did not care who was thrown into to be murdered as long as they got t watch their sport. Young men, seniors, young women, nursing mothers, kids, anyone was fair game to be murdered for their beliefs. Yet the Christians who went into these deadly events held no fear. We learn that fromShow MoreRelatedThe Roman Empire1469 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to civilizations in our past what comes to mind? Some may say the Greeks, others may say the Persians, but one of the most underrated of the past civilizations was the Roman Empire. The Roman way of life and â€Å"Pax Romana† set up a standard of what defined civilization great. However, what was it that made the Roman life great? Was it the rules, the system of government, the virtues of the people? I believe what made the Romans so mighty was a blessing from God due to the outpouring revivalRead MoreWashington Vs. Roman Empire1648 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history civilizations have developed and advanced through the exchange of knowledge, as well as numerous other aspects. Even in contemporary day America, a myriad of aspects of the Roman Empire are reflected within Washington, which initially enabled the Roman Empire to be quite prosperous. The Roman Empire’s developments influenced Washington politically, as they impacted the perspectives of many political leaders and it allowed them to expand their power of the presidency to div erseRead MoreModern Er El Paso High School1694 Words   |  7 Pagesrebirth, a renaissance of art that belongs in the past but seems to endure because of its outstanding and unrivaled beauty. To revive a great nations architecture in the modern era goes to show just how much of an impact an ancient empire had on humanity that extends almost two thousand years in the past. El Paso High school is a great example of Corinthian Style architecture that was predominant by the Roman Empire in the years of the Pax Romana. The building is a masterpiece that displays two ancient

Essay about Embryonic Stem Cell Research - 1357 Words

Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Embryonic stem cell research is a highly controversial topic in todays society, this kind of stem cell commits to regenerate any type of tissue. Unfortunately, Embryonic Stem Cell Research has a dark side. To obtain these cells will kill the embryo automatically. In other words, the acquirement of the Human Embryonic Stem Cell includes performing an abortion. To obtain these cells, it would kill the embryo. This has created controversy since abortion is such a divisive topic. Politicians are uneasy to take sides. The Human Embryonic Stem Cell issue is todays Pandoras Box due to all the unwittingly chaos that it can bring to our lives. By having this new option available in the medical world,†¦show more content†¦Scientists and researchers believe that Human Embryonic Stem Cells hold potential cures for numerous diseases in todays society, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, diabetes, Lou Gehrigs disease, Hodgkins disease, hundreds of immune system and genetic disorders, spinal cord injuries, heart disease and just about every type of cancer. In todays world theres over a million Americans who suffer from deadly diseases, not only adults but innocent children that deserve to live a healthy life. These deadly diseases can be cured or treated in a more effective way than they are treated now with the help of the human embryonic stem cells. According to the Poll on American views on stem cell research in the wake of the death of Ronald Reagan which was prepared for results of America, shows that a sum of 73% highly supports and somewhat support this controversial process (Results of America, 2004). Even though this topic has brought continuous political attacks and very limited funding, Human Embryonic Stem cell research has made considerable contribution to the battle against disabilities and incurable diseases. A great example of success by using human embryonic stem cells was made by Dr. Hans Keirstead in the Roman La boratory at UC Irvine; he restored myelin insulation around damaged nerves, returning motion to partially paralyzed rats. (Journal of Neuroscience, 2005) . After reviewing theShow MoreRelatedEmbryonic Of Stem Cell Research Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell Research Francois Rabelais, the famous Renaissance humanist, once said, â€Å"Science without conscience is the death of the soul† (Rabelais, Francois). Since the late 1960’s, this has been the stance for opponents of embryonic stem cell research. This is saying, if we are willing to take a fertilized embryo and kill it before it has even had time to develop, where is our conscience, our heart? We consider this form of stem cell research to be immoral and unethical. ScientistsRead MoreEmbryonic Of Stem Cell Research942 Words   |  4 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell is when you have to destroy the egg inside, thus rendering that egg to become a human. The Stem Cell is put into a petri dish where it will be cultured and feed nutrients (Bethesda). The Stem Cell is almost like a blank code, It can replenish a part of the body that is hurt or has a disease (Bigloo). Stem cells can be programed any where in the body to fix the issue. When the stem cell divides it will keep pro ducing till the part of the body is back to normal (Bethesda). StemRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1292 Words   |  6 PagesEmbryonic stem cells research is the most debated type of stem cell research. The moral standings of embryonic stem cell research have been debated since the research started. The side against the research claims that it is wrong to value one’s life above another and that the elimination of the most basic form of life is murder. While the side supporting the research claims that the research could bring about the cure for many types of diseases and help save the lives of millions. Embryonic stemRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1460 Words   |  6 Pages I believe that embryonic stem cell research should be allowed in the United States. From previous encounters with the topic I have learned that the many benefits that can come from stem cell research are without a doubt astounding and unimaginable. There are simpl y endless possibilities that can arise if the research was allowed to be conducted. From giving back vision to rebuilding tissue, any advance in stem cell research would be beneficial to the medical world. With the help that the advancesRead MoreEmbryonic Stem Cell Research Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesResearch on stem embryonic stem cells We live in a world where genetic sciences have gone beyond laws, and past the imagination. We have come to a point where we don’t know anymore what is right, and what is wrong. We have to decide. In fact, studies are made on embryonic stem cells that for now have the purpose to better our overall health. These stem cells are extracted from extra IVF embryos; they are used and destroyed. While it’s true that this research could cure serious illnesses as Parkinson’sRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research931 Words   |  4 Pages Embryonic stem cell research is the study of stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo. For many years now, the ethics of embryonic stem cell research has been argued. A recent advance in this line of research is the ability to clone the embryonic stem cells, which allows for researchers to create a completely compatible embryonic stem cell to the individual’s tissue type. Though thi s new science may be very beneficial, not everyone can agree on the ethics ofRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1711 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic stem cell research is a hot topic of debate in our modern age, as scientific development continues to push the boundaries of ethics. The debates lies in whether or not it is helping or hindering society, as the procedure involves the manipulation of a human embryo. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from a week old human embryo (blastocyst), often developed from unused in vitro fertilised eggs. They are pluripotent, meaning they are capable of undergoing directed differentiation andRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research1625 Words   |  7 PagesProduction and the Scientific and Therapeutic Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells, the Pontifical Academy for Life presents the field of stem cell research with a statement regarding the official Roman Catholic position on the moral aspects of acquiring and using human embryonic stem cells.  They have declared that it is not morally legitimate to produce or use human embryos as a source of stem cells, nor is it acceptable to use stem cells from cell lines already established. Thus, bringing up the conflictingRead More Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology has allowed for a new understanding of stem cells and further developments in research. The use of stem ce lls in regenerative medicine may hold significant benefits for those suffering from degenerative diseases. To avail such advancements in stem cell research could see the alleviation or complete cure of afflictions that take the lives of millions worldwide each year. (McLaren, 2001) A stem cell 1 is able differentiate into any somatic cell found in the human body, including those identicalRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research2490 Words   |  10 PagesFederal Government to fund stem cell research through the National Institute of Health. There are various types of stem cells, but the policy issue mainly covers human embryonic stem cells. This policy revokes President George W. Bush s executive order 13435 which put heavy limitations on federal funding for stem cell research. Although this policy has already taken effect, there are still bans and immense regulation on particular methods of human embryonic stem cell extraction that involve the

Modern Terrorism and Cyber Terrorism Essay example

Terrorism is â€Å"the use of violence against people or property to force changes in societies or governments, strikes fear in the hearts of people everywhere.† Terrorism is something that has been going on for many centuries now. It is nothing new to the history of our world. During earlier times, and even now terrorism was started by individual people, groups of people, and political classes. Terrorism does not always happen the exact same way every time. Modern terrorism has started in the 1960’s. Many of these attacks were cause by groups of people wanting to bring attention to what they want for themselves and their country or goals they want from the government. Some people even do this to grab attention to the media in order to get†¦show more content†¦And in order to do so the governments would have to take better security measures to make the enemies become more cautious. This will also help them to see that their enemy is preparing for their attack. And the spot that they want to attack is being guarded. To get justice terrorists will use anything they can. They used any weapon they can, such as, bombs and guns. These were most used in terrorist’s attacks. They attacked places where people thought they were most safe like subway stations, bus stops, restaurants etc. they might even attack things that they thought were evil or trying to go against what they want. Recently terrorists have used chemical wea pons like gases and bacteria. This was worried about the most because chemicals were easy to buy in most stores and if terrorists have easier access to these chemicals they can start killing off people more easily. Terrorism happens all around the world. For example terrorism has happened mostly in the Middle East. Just Like in the following places Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America. But, the most important terrorism attacks were on the Pearl Harbor and nine – eleven. These were the most influential attacks that have happened in the United States. In the year of 1941 a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor happened. It all began in October 1940. The Japanese came to attack but the United States being so smart, they cracked the secret code the Japanese sent out.Show MoreRelatedThe Threat Of Cyber Terrorism1093 Words   |  5 PagesSolution Q. No. 2 The possible threat posed by cyber terrorism has motivated considerable alarm. Many security experts have exposed the danger of cyber terrorists hacking into government and remote computer systems and service areas of progressive economies. The possible threat is, indeed, very disturbing. So far, despite all the gloomy pre-dictions, no single example of real cyber terrorism has been recorded. This increases the question: about the threat? Psychological, political, and economicRead MoreRadicalisation And Radicalization Of Terrorism1513 Words   |  7 Pages there has be in increase in international and domestic terrorism in the world. Due to major attacks such as the Oklahoma bombing and 9/11 has been the cause of this increase. Many other attacks had raised concerns of the use of modern technologies and the reality of radicalization of terrorism. Terrorism is one of the oldest tactics in history and yet one of the hardest to define. In a number of literature, it points out that terrorism is constantly evolving and it has been passed through differentRead MoreCyber Security and Technology Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pagesa book that the library did not own would take at least a couple of weeks depending on the time period or it may not have been possible to obtain that book. But now people can access a vast amount of information in a matter of minutes. Example, in modern times if someone wanted to know about a diff erent culture they could simple look up the information on a computer or any device that had access to internet. People can also store sensitive information in cyberspace data such as finances, personalRead MoreInternational Terrorism And The Security Of The United Kingdom1665 Words   |  7 Pagesinternational terrorism represents the greatest threat to the security of the United Kingdom. It will begin by defining, within the context of this essay, what is meant by the concepts of national security, terrorism and international terrorism, and how international terrorism threatens our nation through both direct and indirect means. Throughout, it will identify a snapshot of the current gamut of security threats to the United Kingdom and analyse, through these threats, how international terrorism posesRead MoreUnderstanding The War On Terror1522 Words   |  7 Pageshave been harmed from the terrorism for a long time. It is impossible for victims who are effected by the terrorism to live safely. Cruel terrorist group even attack female and children. The incidence of terrorism is increasing in the world. It is big problem in the world because countries worry about their citizen from the terrorism. The United States and other countries stuck to continue the war on terror. The war on terrorism has fought for a long time. The terrorism has had long history. SinceRead MoreTerrorism : Racism And Hatred Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorism can be stopped but I believe only to a certain extent. We can restrict traveling outside of the country and build up security but it will not solve terrorism. Racism, discrimination and hatred, does cause internal and external problems, for some groups of people. They feel only their opinions are right and everyone else is wrong and must pay. If we cannot combat discrimination, racism and hate, we will not be able to combat terrorism at all. We need to get the mindset of individuals toRead MoreCyber-Terrorism Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesCyber-Terrorism Cyber-Terrorism is a reality in the modern age of rapid technological advancement. As fast as new technology is established, people find ways to hack and corrupt it. Many times there is malicious intent behind such actions. These acts can include everything from computer viruses to contraband network servers to pirated IP addresses and credit account fraud. All of the stories we hear and those annoying emails that warn of a multitude of viruses can lull us into complacencyRead MoreNational Security Effects On The American People956 Words   |  4 Pagesbecoming unconstitutional which affects its people. National Security concerns the United States citizens due to the formation of laws, violating personal data, and cyber terrorism. This nation was born it was created to fight for what was right for its people and provide the American people with proper security, but now with modern law and questionable Constitutional guidelines it has become more of a cry of governmental rule rather then freedom. When the Constitution was written it was to correctRead MoreTraditional and Cyber Terrorism Essay552 Words   |  3 PagesBasically traditional terrorism and cyber terrorism have same aims, and share same values like disorganization of state government, causing huge economic and political damage and loss, destabilization that will provoke change of government. But there is still difference in some aspects. In contrast with traditional terrorist who uses bombs or other weapons for achieving his or her goals, cyber terrorist uses modern informational technologies for the same purpose. First of all these are computerRead MoreIntroduction to Cyber Terrorism2287 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction to Cyber Terrorism: Cyber Terrorism is an attack executed by Cyber Terrorists via information systems to significantly interfere with the political, social or economic functioning of a groups or organizations of a nation or induces physical violence and creates panic. We define hackers as individuals who wish to access, modify data, files and resources without having the necessary authorization to do so, and/or wish to block services to authorized users. Cyber Terrorists are individuals

Moral and Ethical Problems of Euthanasia free essay sample

In the USA, the drama that was watched by many countries came to an end. On March 31, in a hospice in the state of Florida, Terri Schiavo died. She was in a coma for 15 years, because of an irreversible defect of the brain. Her husband said Terri did not want to live in a helpless condition, and through courts he achieved that the patient be disconnected from a life-support system (Wikipidia). PINELLAS PARK, Fla. With her husband and parents feuding to the bitter end and beyond, Terri Schiavo died Thursday, 13 days after her feeding tube was removed in a wrenching right-to-die dispute that engulfed the courts, Capitol Hill and the White House and divided the country. Cradled by her husband, Schiavo, 41, died a calm, peaceful and gentle death at about 9 a. m. , a stuffed animal under her arm, flowers arranged around her hospice room, said George Felos, Michael Schiavos attorney (Chachere). Before thinking about questions concerning euthanasia, I would like to say some words about general problems in medicine, from the moment it started, till now days of technical progress, undoubtedly, captured medicine. The basic task of medicine is a treatment of the patient and easing his/her suffering. During the hundreds of years till now, millions of physicians from different nationalities and creeds engaged in these noble actions. Graduating from medical schools, they all give a Hippocratic Oath and follow it in their work. There are a lot of sick people, and there are a lot of diseases. Among those diseases, there are absolutely easy, or very acute, and sometimes incurable deceases. But the medical science developing from year to year achieves enormous successes, and what seemed inconceivable yesterday becomes real today. Recently, many forms of oncological diseases were considered cureless, but now people who are suffering from those diseases are free from them, because of achievements of medicine and pharmacology. The problem of euthanasia has arisen not today and not suddenly. The chronology begins in extreme antiquity, and already then it caused numerous disputes among physicians, lawyers, philosophers and so on. The attitude to deliberately accelerate the approach of death, even with the purpose of the termination of the patient’s suffering, never was unequivocal. â€Å"Francis Bacon (1561~1626) who was an English philosopher said, A doctor has two duties consisting of restoring a patients health and reducing a patients suffering, and used the term euthanasia (from greek euthanasia, eu it is good, thanatos death). This term means a beautiful, favorable and peaceful death, so it sounds soft and gentle† (Kudo). Though the idea of euthanasia has been long debated, since of Hippocrates’ time and till now traditional medical ethics include an interdiction: I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect(Hippocratic Oath). However, since recent time, doctors in increasing frequency have a readiness to resort to this practice, at least when the patient himself/herself asks for death. How should we react to this tendency? Is it a clearing of out-of-date interdictions or it is a certain permissiveness, which is simultaneously incorrect from the moral point of view and is dangerous in practice? It is necessary to say that the term euthanasia complicates unequivocal interpretation and it causes a terminological mess. Approach to the problem of euthanasia changes with changing definitions of the term. â€Å"There are various kinds of euthanasia, such as active and passive euthanasia. There can be euthanasia in cases where we are certain the person does not want to die (involuntary euthanasia) and in cases where we are certain he does want to die (voluntary euthanasia). There can also be euthanasia where here is a doubt whether the person wishes to die or not (nonvoluntary euthanasia)† (Russel 278) Passive euthanasia is expressed when the medical aid directed on life prolongation is stopped, accelerating the approach of natural death (a good example of it could be the Terri Schavo case). Active euthanasia means using any medicinal or other means or other actions to cause painless death. â€Å"It [Euthanasia] is considered active if death is deliberately caused through such direct means as administering a lethal injection. It is considered passive if death is deliberately hastened by the omission of actions that might have prolonged life, such as performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation when cardiac arrest occurs, or administering antibiotics to combat acute infection†(Warren186). Active euthanasia can be in the following forms: 1. Euthanasia committed out of mercy occurs when relatives or the doctor, seeing painful sufferings of a hopeless sick person, and being unable to help him/her, inject or enter a super dose of an anesthetizing drug, therefore there comes fast and painless death. The question on the consent of the patient in this case is not put at all, as he/she is not capable of expressing his/her will. 2. The second form of active euthanasia is physician-assisted suicide, occurs with the consent of the patient, the doctor only helps him/her to commit suicide. . The third form is actually suicide occurs without the help of the doctor. The patient himself/herself uses the device, which leads him/her to fast and painless death, simple suicide. (Warren 187-200) We talk about euthanasia only when we deal with deliberate murder. In one case the life of a hopeless, fatally sick person is taken away in order to relieve him/her of superfluous sufferings or by means of direct intervention like lethal injection, or having left him/her to die by stopping to feed the patient( as in the Terry Schiavo case). In the other case of a newborn child with heavy physical defects, the parent of such child could be spared the pain of watching their child suffer â€Å"In 1938 the newly born infant of a family named Knauer served as the pretext for Hitler to set in motion the program of euthanasia he had intended to institute. The Knauer baby, sex unknown, was apparently born with severe handicaps. The exact nature of its affliction cannot be reconstructed with certainty, but testimony does seem to agree that it was born with a leg and part of an arm missing. Some evidence suggests that it was also blind, and the physicians also diagnosed it as an â€Å"idiot. † But its blindness was not noted by all observers, and the diagnosis â€Å"idiot† was not definite. In addition, the baby apparently suffered from convulsions† (Friedlander 39). There kinds of cases show euthanasia to be intentional; the intentional taking of lives that could be sustained through life-support technology. We speak about euthanasia only when there is an intention to put an end to a life of the patientor to speed up his/her death. We don’t speak about euthanasia when trying to facilitate the suffering of any person who is in the last stages of terminal illness, appointing him/her medicines which in only indirect ways can speed up the physiological process of dying. In this case, the purpose is not to help the patient die, but try to reduce his/her pain by means of preparations which only as a by-product are capable of speedy the approach to the end The death here is not provoked purposely, but is a possible consequence of anesthetizing therapy. It is possible to put euthanasia in a line of various medical methods: )Euthanasia is present at hat case when the preparation causes death and also if the patient is deprived of all that is necessary for his/her life (oxygen or food), or all that is good for him/her (intensive care units, where the patient can get better and life without life-support equipments, or such treatment, which will improve the patient health conditions) 2) Euthanasia is not present in a case when such treatment stops which would have adverse effect on the patient, for example, treatment that only would prolong a life in inhumane conditions; 3) Euthanasia is not present in cases of the discontinuance of life support when the condition of cerebral death is irreversible. Any treatment that does not facilitate suffering, does not give any chance of further recovery, but only continues agony and brings intolerable suffering to family and disproportionate charges to the state; 4) Euthanasia is not present in a case of badly degenerated newborn child, or in a heavy pathological case, if it is terminal when it is only artificial it is possible to continue a life, without hope for improvement and for reoccurrence of independent existence; Euthanasia is not present if the fatally ill patient was allowed to die naturally. It is possible only in a case when any therapy would allow prolonging a life only for a short time in intolerable conditions. Two questions arise when we speak about euthanasia: morally, what can we say about a person’ character who commits euthanasia, and legally, whether such actions should be forbidden by the law? Some people assert that though euthanasia is immoral, it is not necessary to forbid it in the legislative order. Three reasons which usually result as arguments against application of criminal sanctions are: first is realizing individual autonomy, second is reducing needless pain and suffering, and third would be providing psychological reassurance to dying patients (Emanuel 637). Others assert that though euthanasia is not wrong in all cases, it should not be allowed by the law. One variant of this argument asserts that euthanasia is morally allowable only in rare cases, but even there it is necessary to forbid it as its practice is easy to abuse, that legalization of euthanasia will bring more harm, than goods. Another variant says, that legalization puts patients in inconvenient positions of choice: whether to continue to live in suffering, or to cut one’s life short. This is a position in which nobody can be put. The value of a human life induces struggle, even to the point of becoming contrary to objective edical laws and in the most hopeless situations as the medical science and practice are rich with cases of healing of the most hopeless patients. Strong pains also are usually the reason of the request of the patient to speed up the approach of death, that is why she/he is compelled and insincere. Here, the doctor should resist them, and suggest the use of anesthetizing means, which the medicine today has available instead of following patient wishes. It is necessary to state firmly once more that nothing and no one can in any way permit the killing of an innocent human being, whether a fetus or an embryo, an infant or an adult, an old person or one suffering from an incurable disease, or a person who is dying. Furthermore, no one is permitted to ask for this act of killing, either for himself or herself or for another person entrusted to his or her care, nor can he or she consent to it, either explicitly or implicitly, nor can any authority legitimately recommend or permit such an action. For it is a question of the violation of the divine law, an offense against the dignity of the human person, a crime against life, and an attack on humanity (Robert, Gorman 158). Other cases when, for example, the person is in a long time coma and his/her consciousness is already lost irrevocably, and progressive medical technologies allow carrying out life-support treatment indefinitely. There is a question: whether or not this is necessary? Unfortunately, there are not unequivocal answers. Many scientists are afraid, that the formal sanction euthanasia can become the certain mental brake for search of new more effective means of diagnostics and treatment of seriously ill patients, and also to promote unconscientiousness in rendering medical aid to such a patient. Resuscitator’s help for his/her demands not only big material input, but also a huge pressure of physical and sincere forces of serving medical staff. Absence of appropriate treatment and care can stimulate requirements of the patient to speed up a fatal outcome that will allow the doctor to completely stop any treatment and care of the terminal patient. And in it one more of the reasons of necessity of legal regulation of the given question. (Keown 37-70) One strong argument against euthanasia is that killing of innocents is always morally evil. Therefore, euthanasia is morally evil. There is no way of disproving the principle: ‘It would always be wrong to kill an innocent human, whatever the consequences of not doing so’† (Steinbock 168). Supporters of euthanasia can appeal to the fact that the above-stated conclusion means distinction between justified and unjustified killings. On what basis is this distinction is made? If some kinds of killings are justified, why it is impossible to justify even in some circumstances voluntary euthanasia? Two kinds of murder are accepted even by many of the most zealous opponents to euthanasia -self-defense and punishment. Either of these is not unfair; as a matter of fact, they are not evil. It is possible to consider voluntary euthanasia as the third kind of justified killing? Lets try to resolve the argument of euthanasia as being beyond unfair murder on the basis of two key statements. First of all, the terminal condition of some people is such than it is better to let them die than to continue to live. A good example of such situations are those patients who suffer from strong pains or are doomed for a life in humiliating dependence on others even in satisfaction of the most elementary needs. Here, as benefiting euthanasia, frequently include the fatally sick and those who are in a constant vegetative condition. Second, helping someone in order to improve his/her health or moral condition is always morally allowable. If killing will improve someones condition, and the person himself/herself wants to die, then how such killing can be considered harmful to this person? How is it possible to consider this act unfair? How can it be wrong? And what then is voluntary euthanasia, if not that? This argument has serious flows, especially when it is used in the justification of the standard sanction. It is necessary to ask, whether or not it is the best way for all those patients, and even if it is so, whether or not their killing is a better alternative to inactivity? First of all it is not clear if fatally sick patients and those in vegetative conditions, benefit from early death. Second, there is a question that can be raised; is really the disgust from dependence on others for the last years of their life based on consciousness of their own advantage instead of on false arrogance? Finally, there are always other ways to dispose of pain. Speaking about euthanasia, it is necessary to face the concept of incurability. When is it possible to say with confidence that the patient is incurable? It is widely known, thatmistakes happen when doctors examine sick persons. Actually, the majorities of doctors remain true to their Hippocratic Oath and prefer to operate as professionals, instead of sympathizing. Suffering causes people to feel sympathy: kill a dog, that is suffering from a pain and doomed to death. Is it possible to give up such an act of mercy? But this pity already itself is ambiguous. Of course, frequently, the pain is intolerable, but quite often it becomes even more intolerable for those near to the patient. Relieving the patient from a pain, we frequently relieve our own suffering. It freedom of a choice of the patient really observed in that case? A call for help is answered by a mortal blow. To cause death first of all means to relieve those close to the patient from the necessity to hear this call: kill me, share my pain and help me! It is more difficult and more humane to accompany the patient in his/her suffering, than to destroy him/her. In conclusion, I would like to say, first, euthanasia (the example of killing innocent) is a moral evil and it should not be allowable by law, even in the cases specified in the standard sanction. Second, the standard sanction on euthanasia is threateningly unstable. One argument for its advantage supposes killing not only on the basis of standard medical reasons, but also in case of depression, shame and self-sacrifice. Another argument supposes euthanasia not only for those who want to die, but also for those who are not competent physically and/or emotionally to make that decision.

Steven Johnson’s Where Good Ideas Come From’ Essay Example

Steven Johnson’s Where Good Ideas Come From’ Essay Summary and Reaction to Chapter 3 (The Slow Hunch) of Steven Johnson’s book ‘Where Good Ideas Come From’ The main argument in the chapter is that great innovations are due to accumulative processes rather than spontaneous ‘eureka’ moments. Almost in any major technological or scientific innovation of modern times, the break-through was made possible by the robust base built by accrued prior knowledge. A key idea put forward by Steven Johnson is that of ‘convergence’. This is the process of the gradual accumulation of information, concepts and their interrelationships that are precursors to the occurrence of ‘insight’. Although the decision to synthesize and analyze them is that of an individual, the fundamental facts and concepts can be fetched from a disparate range of sources. To this extent, though great innovations are not one-off events of brilliance, they are the result of ‘collective intelligence’. Collective Intelligence, in this sense, is the phenomena of deducing insights based on running basic analytic tools over the gathered data pool. In this regard, innovation can even be a mundane statistical operation as opposed to some extraordinary out-of-the-box thinking. We will write a custom essay sample on Steven Johnson’s Where Good Ideas Come From’ specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Steven Johnson’s Where Good Ideas Come From’ specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Steven Johnson’s Where Good Ideas Come From’ specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To validate his theory of the ‘slow hunch’, Steven Johnson presents several case studies based on substantial data and empirical observation. The study of cholera outbreak in London is particularly instructive. The more recent example of Google’s attempts to map Flu Trends is also very interesting. In these two examples, despite the value of mapping key trends, one cannot point to a single ‘break-through’ moment that was instrumental in the ultimate design and execution of these projects. Instead what we witness is the ‘slow hunch’ as persuasively expressed in the chapter. Johnson also proclaims the importance of applying insights from parallel or allied fields of study to the problem at hand. For example, an astrophysicist trying to solve a problem pertaining to inter-galactic matter may actually find a solution by looking into quantum mechanics. The former deals with an expansive time-space paradigm whereas the latter seeks to understand the sub-atomic world. Yet one could see how, despite the stupendous contrast in the dimension of space the two disciplines attempt to solve similar problems. In the modern corporate culture, young entrepreneurs often find the best operational models for their business ideas by studying examples from other industries. Though author Steven Johnson’s idea of the ‘slow hunch’ is not intuitive at the outset, it holds up upon closer scrutiny. The technical processes behind innovation are clearly articulated in the chapter. I would like to add to it the sociological and philosophical dimension. Drawing upon the famous proverb ‘No man is an island’, oftentimes, innovations are the fruits of communities of people as opposed to one individual. The acknowledged innovator is only the beneficiary of all the ground work done by numerous predecessors. Although the latter group does not get the claim of ownership or patent to the idea, their vital role is lucidly illustrated by Steven Johnson. I find this to be an important message for the society at large, for, far too often, individual egoism overwhelms the primacy of the community. If only we understand the interconnectedness among individuals, strife and conflict would be substantially reduced in modern societies. Reference: Steven Johnson, The Slow Hunch, Chapter 3, Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation, ISBN 978-1-59448-771-2, published in 2010. Summary and Reaction to Chapter 3 (The Slow Hunch) of Steven Johnson’s book ‘Where Good Ideas Come From’ The main argument in the chapter is that great innovations are due to accumulative processes rather than spontaneous ‘eureka’ moments. Almost in any major technological or scientific innovation of modern times, the break-through was made possible by the robust base built by accrued prior knowledge. A key idea put forward by Steven Johnson is that of ‘convergence’. This is the process of the gradual accumulation of information, concepts and their interrelationships that are precursors to the occurrence of ‘insight’. Although the decision to synthesize and analyze them is that of an individual, the fundamental facts and concepts can be fetched from a disparate range of sources. To this extent, though great innovations are not one-off events of brilliance, they are the result of ‘collective intelligence’. Collective .

How Principals Can Provide Teacher Support

How Principals Can Provide Teacher Support Having a supportive principal can make all the difference for a teacher. Teachers want to know that their principal has their best interests in mind. One of the main duties of a principal is to provide ongoing, collaborative teacher support. The relationship between a teacher and a principal has to be built on a foundation of trust. This type of relationship takes a lot of time to build. Principals must slowly cultivate these relationships while taking the time to get to know each teachers strength and weaknesses. The worst thing that a new principal can do is to go in and quickly make a lot of changes. This will assuredly turn a group of teachers against a principal quickly. A smart principal will initially make small changes, allow time for teachers to get to know them, and then gradually make larger, more meaningful changes over the course of time. It is important to note that any significant changes should be made only after seeking and considering input from teachers. Here, we examine ten suggestions for earning teacher trust and ultimately providing them with ongoing, collaborative teacher support. Allow Time for Peer Collaboration Teachers should be given time to work together in a collaborative effort. This collaboration will strengthen relationships among your faculty, provide new or struggling teachers with an outlet to gain valuable insight and advice, and allows teachers to share best practices and success stories. The principal becomes the driving force in this collaboration. They are the one who schedules the time to collaborate and sets the agenda for these times. Principals who reject the importance of peer collaboration are selling its value far short. Ask Questions and Seek Their Advice The principal is the primary decision maker in their building. This doesn’t mean that teachers shouldn’t be included in the decision-making process. Although a principal may have the final say, teachers should be given a platform to express their feelings or provide advice for the principal, especially when the issue will directly affect the teachers. A principal should use the resources at hand when making decisions. Teachers have brilliant ideas. By seeking their advice, they may challenge your thinking on an issue may validate that you are on the right track. Neither case is a terrible thing when making any decision. Have Their Back Teachers are people, and all people go through difficult times both personally and professionally at some point in their lives. When a teacher is going through a difficult situation personally (death, divorce, illness, etc.), a principal should give them 100% support at all times. A teacher going through a personal issue will appreciate any support their principal shows during this time. Sometimes this could be as simple as asking them how they are doing and sometimes it may be necessary to give them a few days off. Professionally you want to back a teacher as long as you believe they are effective, ethical, and moral. There are situations where you absolutely cannot support a teacher because the decision they made is ethically or morally wrong. In this case, do not skirt around the issue. Be up front with them and tell them that they messed up, and there is no way you can back them up based on their actions. Be Consistent Teachers hate it when principals are inconsistent especially when dealing with student discipline or parent situations. A principal should always try to be fair and consistent with their decision making. Teachers may not always agree with how you handle situations, but if you establish a pattern of consistency, then they will not complain too much. For example, if a 3rd-grade teacher sends a student to the office for being disrespectful in class, check your student discipline records to see how you have handled similar issues in the past. You do not want any teacher to feel like you play favorites. Conduct Meaningful Evaluations Teacher evaluations are meant to be tools that show a teacher where they are and to move them in a direction to maximize their overall effectiveness. Conducting meaningful evaluations takes a lot of time and time is not something a lot of principals have, therefore many principals neglect making the most out of their teacher evaluations. Providing effective teacher support requires constructive criticism at times. No teacher is perfect. There is always room for improvement in some area. A meaningful evaluation allows you the opportunity to be critical and to offer praise. It is a balance of both. A satisfactory evaluation cannot be given on a single classroom visit. It is a collaboration of information gathered through many visits that provide the most meaningful evaluations. Create a Teacher-Friendly Schedule Principals are typically responsible for creating their building’s daily schedule. This includes class schedules, teacher planning periods, and duties. If you want to make your teachers happy, minimize the time they need to be on duty. Teachers hate duties of any kind whether it is lunch duty, recess duty, bus duty, etc. If you can figure out a way to create a schedule in which they only have to cover a few duties a month, your teachers will love you. Encourage Them to Bring Problems to You Have an open door policy. The relationship between a teacher and principal should be strong enough that they can bring any problem or issue and trust that you are going to try your best to help them out confidentially. Often times you will find that teachers simply need someone to vent their frustrations to, so being a good listener is often all that is necessary. Other times you will have to tell the teacher that you need some time to think about the problem and then get back with them with some take it or leave it advice. Try not to force your opinion on the teacher. Give them options and explain where you are coming from. Tell them what decision you would make and why, but don’t hold it against them if they go with another option. Understand that every situation that is brought to you is unique and how you handle that situation depends on upon the situation itself. Get to Know Them There is a thin line between getting to know your teachers and being their best friends. As their leader, you want to build a trusting relationship without getting so close that it interferes when you have to make a tough decision. You want to build a balanced relationship between personal and professional, but you don’t want to tip it where it is more personal than professional. Take an active interest in their family, hobbies, and other interest. This will let them know that you care about them as individuals and not just as teachers. Offer Advice, Direction, or Assistance All principals should continuously offer their teachers advice, direction, or assistance. This is especially true for beginning teachers, but it is true for teachers throughout all levels of experience. The principal is the instructional leader, and providing advice, direction, or assistance is the primary job of a leader. This can be done through a variety of ways. Sometimes a principal can simply provide a teacher with verbal advice. Other times they may want to show the teacher by having them observe another teacher whose strengths are in an area where that teacher needs assistance. Providing the teacher with books and resources are another way to provide advice, direction, or assistance. Provide Applicable Professional Development All teachers are required to participate in professional development. However, teachers want these professional development opportunities to be applicable to their situation. No teacher wants to sit through eight hours of professional development that doesn’t directly apply to what their teaching or they will never use. This can fall back on the principal as they are often involved in the scheduling of professional development. Choose professional development opportunities that are going to benefit your teachers, not just ones that meet your minimum professional development criteria. Your teachers will appreciate you more, and your school will be better off in the long run because your teachers are learning new things that they can then apply to their daily classroom.

Dating in the Workplace is not Ethical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dating in the Workplace is not Ethical - Essay Example The reason being that â€Å"he had an affair with a female employee† which was not in agreement with the company’s Code of Conduct. The practice of dating happens much often in the workplace setting. People meet each other and get interested in each others’ lives and hobbies, and finally develop relationships. Workplaces are the offline social networks as opposed to the online social networks. Men and women get into contact and start seeing each other. Workplace happens to be a convenient place to go find a suitable person because an employee might not have extra time to spend somewhere else looking for one. However, working in a company does not necessarily mean that one is going to find his soul mate; instead, one is supposed to work toward the establishment of organizational goals and must not jump into relationships because honesty is rare. â€Å"Don’t dip your pen in the company ink!†, is an old saying Gardner quotes in his article. Experts adv ise employees not to date because there are many ethical issues related to it. There are cons of workplace dating that outweigh the pros. But the bitter reality is that employees will not stop dating each other. Let us now discuss the ethical considerations that come with the issue of workplace dating. Ethical Considerations Dr. ... But he decided to make it more than a professional relationship.† This means that although it is perfectly normal to develop a professional relationship between men and women at the workplace, yet it is not suitable by any means to make the relationship personal. Many companies even follow a Code of Conduct that all employees must have to abide by, which prohibits them to date at the workplace. Siegel further asserts that coworker relationships are not that much of an issue as hierarchical relationships like between a boss and a subordinate. When such a relationship develops, it is time for one of the two to quit the job because they are many ethical considerations that are being disturbed. Mixing of sex and power is not at all favorable for the reputation and success of the company in the long run. Sexual Harassment Although workplaces are great places for people to meet and develop relationships, yet an increase in the number of sexual harassment lawsuits warns employees not to develop hasty relationships through dating (Covey and Narvell 130). There are strict penalties for sexual harassment at work and reputed companies do not bear such employees. A male employee may be charged as a sexual harasser if, for example, he has been in a relationship with a female co-employee and after a break-up, still goes after her to patch things up. The latter may file a lawsuit against him for sexual harassment. Also, in case of hierarchical-based relationships, when a boss dates his secretary, for example, then it is not at all necessary that the relationship is mutually consented because there is element of power in it which cannot be ignored. Law will tend to protect the subordinate rather than the boss if at any point in time the former one files a

Discuss the pros and cons of unions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discuss the pros and cons of unions - Essay Example This implies that if benefits are increased, then workers will increase productivity that translates into profits for the company. Unions are also important for negotiating for better facilities at the work place such as maintenance services, new tools or equipment (Phillips and Gully 443). The introduction of such facilities implies that workers are willing to increase productivity and quality. However, unions also pose challenges to organizations and workers. For instance, unions breed laziness and rudeness in situations where the management fails to act. This causes industrial riots or unrests, which reduces the productivity and earnings of an organization (Phillips and Gully 443). Another setback of unions is that they create social groups in the workplaces where workers spend more time gossiping instead of working. Organizations where social groups are prevalent tend to suffer from misuse of resources and low productivity. This arises because the workers are attached to social groups that subscribe to their preferences. It is also apparent that unions are not good if it leads to shifting of strategic plans to respond to workers’ demands (Phillips and Gully 443). This gives the rival firms a competitive advantage since they are capable of working towards the faulted plans of the

The Development Of Cyber Stalking

The Development Of Cyber Stalking Stalking is a criminal act that occurs when the offender repeatedly imposes unwanted disturbances and communications to victims by using premeditation to the extent of provoking fear for their safety (Pathe Mullen, 1997). Oddly, at first these acts can be seen as kind towards the victim, from an observers point of view. For example, it does not appear to be threatening at all when someone leaves messages, sends gifts and shows up in places where the victim habitually hangs around (Purcell, Pathe Mullen, 2004). However, if a person is trying to build-up a relationship that another person does not want to experience, (such as with a former partner, a famous person, or a professional) this results in intimidation and is considered as stalking (Regehr, n.d.). Stalking varies from harassing and threatening victims by following and tracking them, appearing at their doorstep or workplace, collecting photos and or videos of the target, making unwanted phone calls, sending gifts, letters and e-mails, intercepting any mail, and vandalizing property. Unluckily in the worst of cases stalking includes the threatening of victims families and friends, physical assault, and the kidnapping and holding of hostages (Regehr, n.d.). With the advances in technology and innovative equipment that fills our daily lives, crime is infiltrating into society by using cyberspace. The traditional stalker is now a cyber-stalker and essentially his/her grounds are limitless. In addition, the stalker now has no face because the comfort of using Information Technology enables the criminal to quietly stay indoors and carry-on with ones crimes anonymously and at a low cost. Although cyber stalking still uses the harassment principles as in traditional stalking, their victims are now found online. The cyber stalker now uses emails, internet, and chat rooms as his/her hunting grounds (Thapa, Kumar, 2011) and the growing social networks which many users subscribe to such as Facebook are the sources of feed which stalkers are looking for (Regehr, n.d.). This ease of internet tools at disposal and the belief that cyber stalkers cannot be physically touched in cyberspace (Jaishankar Sankary, 2006) has increased this crime. This is because the internet provides a vast choice of suitable targets, and a low chance of being caught or tracked down due to lack of guardianship online. Thus, the motivated offender is likely to engage in cyber stalking as the routine activity theory explains (Pitarro, 2011). Cyber stalking Bocjj (2002) defines cyber stalking as: A group of behaviours in which an individual, group of individuals or organisation, uses information and communications technology to harass another individual, group of individuals or organisation. Such behaviours may include, but are not limited to, the transmission of threats and false accusations, damage to data or equipment, identity theft, data theft, computer monitoring, the solicitation of minors for sexual purposes and any form of aggression. There are three subcategories of cyber stalking: e-mail stalking, internet stalking, and computer stalking. E-mail stalking is the act of repetitively sending hate, obscene, or threatening mail, or in other cases involves the sending of viruses and electronic junk mail. This results in an unwelcome and intimidating invasion into private space. Internet stalking on the other hand goes rather public, since it consists of using the web in-order to stalk. Computer stalking is the act of using the internet and other software in-order to obtain control of the victims computer. In this type of stalking, the stalker communicates directly as soon as the target computer uses the internet, forcing the victim to disconnect and/or reconnect through a new line if s/he wants to evade the harassment (Ogilvie, 2000). Stalker characteristics, types, and motives The stalker may be on the other side of the earth, a neighbour, or even a relative. In addition, cyber stalkers are usually mature in age, have a good educational level, a stable job, and are usually Caucasian (Bocij McFarlane, 2002). Research literature also suggests that many cyber stalkers have a prior criminal record, a history of substance abuse, or a personality disorder that directly or partly contributes to, and increases the likelihood of, such antisocial behaviours (Pitarro, 2011, in Hutton Haantz, 2003; Reno, 1999). However, this does not mean that all cyber stalkers are like this, in fact the evidence is somewhat inconclusive. Different stalkers, engage in stalking for various reasons like for sexual harassment. Another motive could be the obsession for love. This occurs when one of the partners in a love relation decides to end it, the other does not accept it and thus continues to harass the other partner. One of the main problems with obsessional stalking is that since many times the stalking comes after a real relationship, the stalker has at ones disposal much of the information s/he needs about the victim. Revenge and hate is another major cause for stalking, and many times results after an argument that has gone out of hand. In this case, the stalker does not necessarily need to know the victim but could be just picking on him/her only to let out pent up stress. Finally, a stalker might just want to be able to show-off ones skills for ego boost and show of power (Cyber Crime in India, 2000). Types of stalkers include the rejected stalker, the intimacy seeker, the incompetent suitor, the resentful stalker, and the predatory stalker. Rejected stalkers are characterised by a mix of revenge and desire to reconcile with the victim who is usually a partner or a family member. Intimacy seekers on the other hand try to achieve a relationship with a person that can be a complete stranger and think s/he is reciprocating their affection. Incompetent suitors being socially incompetent try to build a relationship that goes against social courtship rules whilst predatory stalkers gather information in preparation for sexual attachment. Lastly, resentful stalkers specifically harass victims to cause fear and uneasiness as a form of revenge for a supposed humiliation (Mullen, Pathe, Purcell, Stuart, 1999). However, these are not the only types of stalkers. Other types include the delusional stalker, the erotomaniac stalker, the harasser, the love rat, and the trolls. Delusional stalkers many times suffer from a mental illness, usually schizophrenia or manic depression. These due to stoppage of medication may be unable to distinguish between reality and fantasy, and thus their victims are usually also in-danger of losing their sanity as a result of being taken into the stalkers world. This might occur if the stalker knows how to play the part well and appears to be normal. Erotomaniac stalkers are also mentally ill and build up a relationship in their heads. Although not specifically considered as stalkers, harassers are attention-seekers and might victimise anyone who is kind enough to give them attention. Love rats usually come up with a fictitious identity and surf the cyberspace with the intent to start a relationship although having other secret affairs. Trolls like to invent sense less stories/events that are meant to waste the victims time, hurt their feelings, and play victims against each other (Issues related to bullying, 2002). Impact of stalking on victims The victims of stalking are mainly picked because they might be inferior to the stalker, since many stalkers want to be in control (Regehr, n.d.). Victims are many times ex-partners of the stalker (especially if the stalker is a woman) although in cyber stalking 50% of the victims are complete strangers. The preferred victims of a cyber-stalker are women and children, who might be emotionally weak or unstable, but most of all those that are inexperienced with the rules of cyberspace (Thapa, Kumar, 2011). Furthermore, studies show that 83% of stalking victims are females, this mainly is because there are more females online, and many stalkers might seek romance with them. Then if the female ends the relationship, the male stalker may be left with the thirst for revenge. The typical victim is therefore a Caucasian female of between 18 to 32 years. Being part of a minority group such as ethnic/racial minorities, homosexuals, and religious minorities may also cause one to be targeted (T hapa, Kumar, 2011; McFarlane Bocij, 2003). Impacts on stalking victims can be physical, psychological, occupational, and social. It is important to note that although cyber stalking many times consists of the last three, escalation into offline stalking and face-to-face confrontation may cause physical injuries to occur. Victims constantly feel in danger of being attacked. This imposed fear is a result of the tactics that the stalker implements to harass his/her victim (Regehr, n.d.). Fear, anxiety, and apprehension nearing paranoia are the feelings which all victim share. Other victims show symptoms of anger, depression, and helplessness, which might lead to suicidal thoughts (McEwan, Mullen, Purcell, 2007). The victims become hyper vigilant to keep an eye out for the stalker and start to change their habitual routines. When easiness wears away and stress comes into play, the victims anxiety is heightened. S/he will start to be easily startled by minimum movements or noises. Both during the night and during the day, images of the stalker start to engulf the victims thoughts and dreams. The victim will eventually fall into self-reclusion by avoiding communication and by refraining from carrying out activities such as not answering calls or messages, and not venturing outside the house. Long-term stalking will result in further symptoms, this time physical. Sleep disturbances, nausea, upset stomachs, general fatigue, frequent headaches, and the aggravation of pre-existing conditions such as asthma may be also present (Regehr, n.d.). Pathe and Mullen (1997) conducted a study on 100 stalking victims. Damages to property ranging from cars to houses were reported in 36 of the studied cases. In addition to this, 50% of the cases consisted of threats in direct harm to the victims, or their families or friends. However, the victims were assaulted by the stalker in one-third of the cases. Findings also indicated that over 50% of the victims start to drop their attendance records from work or school, some even cease to attend at all. According to the National Violence Against Women Survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice (1998), 30% of female and 20% of male victims end-up seeking psychological counselling due to the trauma suffered during victimization (Tjaden Thoennes, 1998). Socially, the victims status is affected negatively especially due to poor attendance, or focus at work. This will eventually cause family or friends to intervene and accompany the victim, at work or at home. With time, the other persons involved, will show symptoms of anger since they are not able to return to their normal lives. This will cause further uneasiness because the anger that should be projected towards the criminal justice systems for being better equipped to counteract this crime is taken on the victim him/herself for being in their current situation (Regehr, n.d.). Laws, law enforcement and safety strategies There are various safety strategies that one can adopt to avoid being stalked. Choosing gender and age ambiguous usernames, not posting personal information online, not sharing passwords, downloading antispyware programs, locking windows and doors, parking cars in illuminated areas, avoiding habitual travelling patterns, and having meetings with unknown persons in public areas, may all minimise the possibility of becoming a victim (Petrocelli, 2005). If these methods are ineffective, victims should always tell the stalker that the communication is undesirable, keep record of any emails, telephone calls, and letters received, contact law enforcement agencies or victim support groups, and change email addresses and telephone numbers (Jaishankar Sankary, 2006). The most important advice is however to never confront the stalker as this will make matters worse. Unfortunately, incidents of stalking and cyber stalking are underreported. This may be due to various reasons such as not being aware that the acts suffered are illegal, the fear of being blamed, fear that the stalker may turn to other family members and friends, threats by the stalker, and believing that nothing can be done (MacKenzie, McEwan, Pathà ©, James, Ogloff, Mullen, 2011). In addition, according to Reno (1999), victims may not seek help because they feel either that certain behaviours suffered from stalking are not serious enough to be reported to law enforcement agencies, or they think that the police force will not take matters seriously. Furthermore, sometimes law enforcement agencies perceive cyber stalking as relatively harmless unless it involves physical contact or threatening behaviour offline, and thus many times just tell victims to switch off computers or abandon computer use and dismiss the victims preoccupations as nuisance (Reno, 1999). Sometimes however, it is not the police agencies fault since unlike in stalking, the evidence in cyber stalking is many times not enough to trace the perpetrator. In addition, many websites do not authenticate user information, and a number of email servers offer stalkers the opportunity to remove identity data for a small fee, thus making it almost impossible for law enforcement to trace the accounts (Reno, 1999). Nowadays, although many countries have set up law enforcement units to deal with cybercrime such as The Cybercrime Unit of the Malta Police Force, the laws still provide many limitations. Jurisdiction limitations make it difficult for law enforcement to investigate the crime if it involves suspects from other countries (Petrocelli, 2005). Another obstacle for the police force is that stalking in itself is not considered a crime under Maltese law and thus certain behaviour cannot be punished if it does not involve; threat, harassment, trespassing, vandalism, physical violence contact, or computer misuse. In addition for an action to be considered a crime, two elements must be present: actus reus and mens rea. Therefore, prosecutors must prove that the culprit had the intent to cause harm. Except for cases when the stalking is done on an ex-partner, this is difficult to prove (Dennison Thomson, 2002). As the technology continues to develop, so will crime such as cyber stalking. Thus since the Internet is becoming more and more integrated into almost every part of human life, simple solutions such as turning off computers will not solve the problem. Instead, the frequent training of law enforcement agencies and the continuous updating of laws will prove to be better countermeasures to such newly developed crimes. Citizens must also learn to protect themselves from the dangers of such crimes by attending educational talks and seminars, cooperating with criminal justice agencies, or even using the computer itself to keep updated with new trends so as to avoid becoming victims of crime.

Craft :: Art

Craft Art (à ¤rt)n.  · Human effort to imitate, supplement, alter, or counteract the work of nature. · The conscious production or arrangement of sounds, colors, forms, movements, or other elements in a manner that affects the sense of beauty, specifically the production of the beautiful in a graphic or plastic medium. Craft (kr ft)n.  · Skill in doing or making something, as in the arts; proficiency.  · To make by hand.  · To make or construct (something) in a manner suggesting great care or ingenuity. Craft, the word has been with man for ages. There are unique mysteries in life that are usually provoking the true nature of reality, as us humans become aware of it. The genealogy of a man is equal to the idea that the term "craft" has evolved so beyond the understanding of the human mind. A skill in the form of an advanced, detailed, or progressive (movement) in the ability to perform with great skill in one view of behavioral science cannot be determined by meaning alone. It is a difficult word to be defined. The term craft I would mainly determine to be defined as the assemblage of objects that has some sort of interconnection to art, but it depends on the complexity of what is being built. After doing the many projects in class I have many different views on how craft is defined. A good example that would sort of involves both, primitive art and art deco in a small sense. Some of the African statues that are carved would have some geometric designs, (which relates to the way in which the style of art deco slightly falls in) is that would sometimes mean something in its own way. A person who could be making it for any kind of reason would usually make these sculptures by hand. Using his or her tools to be cutting into the material so that they can successfully make something with such craftsmanship, worth looking at. That is craft. Something like a fireplace with a few different color tiles that make a minor design, I deeply hesitate to call art or craft because of the fact that it seems to be so simple and isn’t really hand crafted completely. That is just one example of art deco. When you look at the way some of the different buildings interior is made, in terms of the sculptures, paintings and furniture you may have a completely different view in what you think in your mind.

Food and Eating Essay

January 5 & 7 †¢ Hetherington, Kregg, Chapters 1-4 Cultivating Utopia Week 15 Case study: Growing organic Jan. 12 &14. †¢ Hetherington, Kregg, Chapters 5-8 Cultivating Utopia †¢ Exams handed back this week & Make up exam on Tuesday January 12, 1-3 pm Week 16Class and consumption Jan. 19 & 21. †¢ Roseberry, William. 1996. â€Å"The Rise of Yuppie Coffee and the Reimagination of Class in the United States,† American Anthropologist 98 (4). 762-775. (BLS). *Food basket assignment due on Thursday January 21st. Week 17 Gender, food & Community Jan. 26 & 28 †¢ Beardworth, Alan and Teresa Keil, â€Å"Food, family, and community† in Sociology on the Menu, London: Routledge, pp. 73-99. (On reserve) †¢ Allison, Anne, Chapter 15 â€Å"Japanese Mothers and Obentos†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in F & C Week 18Gender, food & the body. February 2 & 4 †¢ Bordo, Susan, Chapter 12 â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa: Psychopathology as the Crystallization of Culture† in F & C †¢ Parasecoli, Fabio, Chapter 13 â€Å"Feeding Hard Bodies: Food and Masculinities in Men’s Fitness Magazines† in F & C Week 19Race, ethnicity & food. Feb. 9 & 11 †¢ Williams-Forson, Psyche, Chapter 21, â€Å"More Than Just the ‘Big Piece of Chicken’: The Power of Race, Class and Food in American Consciousness† in F & C †¢ Nabhan, Gary Paul, Chapter 23 â€Å"Rooting Out the Causes of Disease: Why Diabetes is So Common Among Desert Dwellers† in F & C *Reading response due on Tuesday on either reading Week 20Nationalism & food Feb. 16 & 18 ââ€" ª Penfold, Steve, 2002, â€Å"Eddie Shack Was No Tim Horton†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in Food Nations, ed. W. Belasco and P. Scranton. New York: Routledge. Pp. 48-66. ââ€" ª Wilk, Richard, Chapter 19 â€Å"’Real Belizean Food’† †¦in F & C ââ€" ª Study Break –February 22-28th–Week 21Foundational approaches March 2 & 4 †¢ Barthes, Roland, Chapter 2. â€Å"Toward a Psychosociology of Contemporary Food Consumption† in F & C †¢ Là ©vi-Strauss, Claude, Chapter 3 â€Å"The Culinary Triangle† in F & C. Week 22Foundational approaches March 9 & 11 †¢ Douglas, Mary, Chapter 4 â€Å"Deciphering a Meal† in F & C †¢ Mintz, Sidney, â€Å"Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom† in Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom. Boston: Beacon Press. (On reserve) *Reading Response on either reading due on Tuesday. Week 23Foundational approaches March 16 &18 †¢ Harvis, Marvin, Chapter 5 â€Å"The Abominable Pig† in F & C †¢ Recommended: Beardsworth, Alan and Teresa Keil, â€Å"The mysterious meanings of meat† In Sociology of the Menu pgs. 193-217. (On reserve). Week 24 Mcdonaldization March 23 & 25 †¢ Ritzer, George, 2004 â€Å"An introduction to McDonaldization† in The McDonaldization of Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. pgs. 1-23. †¢ Yan, Yunxiang, Chapter 32 â€Å"Of Hamburger and Social Space†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in F & C * Reading Response on either reading due on Tuesday. Week 25 Challenging Mcdonaldization March 30 & April 1st. †¢ Leitch, Alison, Chapter 24 â€Å"Slow Food and the Politics of Pork†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in F & C †¢ Pilcher, Jeffrey, Chapter 25, â€Å"Taco Bell, Maseca, and Slow Food†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in F & C. Week 26Challenging Mcdonaldization April 6 & 8 †¢ Clark, Dylan Chapter 26, â€Å"Punk Foods† in F & C Course wrap up this week. *Final exam* will be scheduled during the exam period. Please plan accordingly. Have a great summer!

How to Calculate the 7 Cost Measures

There are many definitions relating to cost, including the following seven terms: Marginal costTotal costFixed costTotal variable costAverage total costAverage fixed costAverage variable cost The data you need  to  compute these seven figures  probably will come in one of three forms: A table that provides data on total cost and quantity producedA linear equation relating total cost (TC) and quantity produced (Q)A nonlinear equation relating total cost (TC) and quantity produced (Q) Following are definitions of the terms and explanations of how the three situations should be dealt with. Defining Terms of Cost Marginal cost  is the cost a company incurs when producing one more good. Suppose its producing two goods, and company officials would like to know how much costs would increase if production was increased to three goods. The difference is the marginal cost of going from two to three. It can be calculated thus: Marginal Cost (from 2 to 3) Total Cost of Producing 3 – Total Cost of Producing 2 For example, if it costs $600 to produce three goods and $390 to produce two goods, the difference is 210, so thats the marginal cost. Total cost  is simply all the costs incurred in producing a certain number of goods. Fixed costs  are the costs that are independent of the number of goods produced, or  the costs incurred when no goods are produced. Total variable cost is the opposite of fixed costs. These are the costs that change when more is produced. For instance, the total variable cost of producing four units is calculated thus: Total Variable Cost of Producing 4 units Total Cost of Producing 4 Units – Total Cost of Producing 0 units In this case, let’s say it costs $840 to produce four units and $130 to produce none. Total variable costs when four units are produced  is $710 since 840-130710.   Average total cost  is the total  cost over the number of units produced. So if the company produces five units, the formula is: Average Total Cost of Producing 5 units Total Cost of Producing 5 units / Number of Units If the total cost of producing five units is $1200, average total cost is $1200/5 $240. Average fixed cost  is fixed costs over the number of units produced, given by the formula: Average Fixed Cost Total Fixed Costs / Number of Units The formula for average variable costs is: Average Variable Cost Total Variable Costs / Number of Units Table of Given Data Sometimes a table or chart will give you the marginal cost, and youll need to figure the total cost. You can figure the total cost of producing two goods by using the equation: Total Cost of Producing 2 Total Cost of Producing 1 Marginal Cost (1 to 2) A chart will typically provide information regarding the cost of producing one good, the marginal cost  ,and fixed costs. Lets say the cost of producing one good is $250, and the marginal cost of producing another good is $140. The total cost would be $250 $140 $390. So the total cost of producing two goods is $390. Linear Equations Lets say you want to calculate marginal cost, total cost, fixed cost, total variable cost, average total cost, average fixed cost, and  average variable cost  when given a linear equation regarding total cost and quantity. Linear equations are equations without logarithms. As an example, let’s use the equation TC 50 6Q. That means the total cost goes up by 6 whenever an additional good is added, as shown by the coefficient in front of the Q. This means there is a constant marginal cost of $6 per unit produced. Total cost is represented by TC. Thus, if we want to calculate the total cost for a specific quantity, all we need to do is substitute the quantity for Q. So the total cost of producing 10 units is 50 6 X 10 110. Remember that fixed cost is the cost we incur when no units are produced. So to find the fixed cost, substitute in Q 0 to the equation. The result is 50 6 X 0 50. So our fixed cost is $50. Recall that total variable costs are the non-fixed costs incurred when Q units are produced. So total variable costs can be calculated with the equation: Total Variable Costs Total Costs – Fixed Costs Total cost is 50 6Q and, as just explained, fixed cost is $50 in this example. Therefore, total variable cost is (50 6Q) – 50, or 6Q. Now we can calculate total variable cost at a given point by substituting for Q. To find the average total cost (AC), you need to average total costs over the number of units produced. Take the total cost formula of TC 50 6Q and divide the right side to get average total costs. This looks like AC (50 6Q)/Q 50/Q 6. To get average total cost at a specific point, substitute for the Q. For example, average total cost of producing 5 units is 50/5 6 10 6 16. Similarly, divide fixed costs by the number of units produced to find average fixed costs. Since our fixed costs are 50, our average fixed costs are 50/Q. To calculate average variable costs, divide variable costs by Q. Since variable costs are 6Q, average variable costs are 6. Notice that average variable cost does not depend on quantity produced and is the same as marginal cost. This is one of the special features of the linear model, but it wont hold with a nonlinear formulation. Nonlinear Equations Nonlinear total cost equations are total cost equations that tend to be more complicated than the linear case, particularly in the case of marginal cost where calculus is used in the analysis. For this exercise, let’s consider the following two equations: TC 34Q3  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24Q 9TC Q log(Q2) The most accurate way of calculating the marginal cost is with calculus. Marginal cost is essentially the rate of change of total cost, so it is the first derivative of total cost. So using the  two given equations for total cost, take the first derivate of total cost to find the expressions for marginal cost: TC 34Q3  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24Q 9TC’ MC 102Q2  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24TC Q log(Q2)TC’ MC 1 1/(Q2) So when total cost is 34Q3  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24Q 9, marginal cost is 102Q2  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24, and when total cost is Q log(Q2), marginal cost is 1 1/(Q2). To find the marginal cost for a given quantity, just substitute the value for Q into each expression. For total cost, the formulas are given. Fixed cost is found when Q 0. When total costs are 34Q3  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24Q 9, fixed costs are 34 X 0 – 24 X 0 9 9. This is the same answer you get if you eliminate all the Q terms, but this will not always be the case. When total costs are Q log(Q2), fixed costs are 0 log(0 2) log(2) 0.30. So although all the terms in our equation have a Q in them, our fixed cost is 0.30, not 0. Remember that total variable cost  is found by: Total Variable Cost Total Cost – Fixed Cost Using the first equation, total costs are 34Q3  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24Q 9 and fixed cost  is 9, so total variable costs are 34Q3  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24Q. Using the second total cost equation, total costs are Q log(Q2) and fixed cost is log(2), so total variable costs are Q log(Q2) – 2. To get the average total cost, take the total cost equations and divide them by Q. So for the first equation with a total cost of 34Q3  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24Q 9, the average total cost is 34Q2  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24 (9/Q). When total costs are Q log(Q2), average total costs are 1 log(Q2)/Q. Similarly, divide fixed costs by the number of units produced to get average fixed costs. So when fixed costs are 9, average fixed costs are 9/Q. And when fixed costs are log(2), average fixed costs are log(2)/9. To calculate average variable costs, divide variable costs by Q. In the first given equation, total variable cost is 34Q3  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24Q, so average variable cost is 34Q2  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24. In the second equation, total variable cost is Q log(Q2) – 2, so average variable cost is 1 log(Q2)/Q – 2/Q.